US Government does subsidize US Airlines to an extent.

Ex. ORD-LGA flight pays NO ATC fees. In the UK if you do an hours worth of touch & goes in a C-172 at an airport with ATC they will hand you a bill for $30 or more. Landing fees are local.

DOT does charge about $1800 to certify a new airline. Ongoing monitoring is paid by the US taxpayer. In the UK they that charge about $15,000 for a Part 135 startup with 1 aircraft (<12,500#) and $15,000 or so every year. Big aircraft are more. Those charges are common all over the EU. Airlines with more than 150 aircraft pay about $750,000 a year in a base charge plus about $10,000 per each aircraft.

ATP pilots pay about $1,200 for written exam fees and another $1,200 to talk the flight test.