So if there’s no time to debate and cross check, how is it better to have the person who sees the problem call it out, then the Captain process that call and the issue, then call the abort, then potentially take control of the aircraft and bring it to a stop?

If there’s truly no time, which I believe is correct, the person seeing the problem should call the abort and the PF immediately stops the aircraft. No cross cockpit comms issues, no delay in action.

You can’t have it both ways by saying there’s no time to make the call but that there’s plenty of time to have communication, decision making and control transfers.