Most GA planes (except very old ones) have a high-voltage shutoff in the voltage regulator...if it gets too high, it turns the alternator off.

You will then get a low voltage light of course, and can reset the alternator as usual.

Good to keep in mind that a low voltage light may have actually been caused by a high-voltage (or over-current) condition.

On older airplanes, it's common for the VR to trip off occasionally...just reset it per the AFM. On airplanes less than ten years old, the VR is pretty reliable...if it trips off, you most likely have a real problem.