I travel through AMS fairly often, both operating and as a revenue passenger.

In a word -- no. No one is going to put someone on an International flight without documentation. In addition I have always found Dutch security to be first rate (with much more frontal brain activity than the American TSA), though they do have a challenge with the varied nationalities that transit Schiphol.

Which is not to say that there might not have been a "lost passport" game being played, but that involves a consulate or embassy -- and certainly not at the gate and not near departure time.