Future Fuels for Jets
09-18-2008, 03:05 PM
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Future Fuels for Jets
Some time ago before APC changed servers, someone ran a thread asking for opinion on alternative fuels in transport category aircraft. Here are two articles that seem to inidicate biofuel/ aternative fuels are likely to happen.
"Boeing may consider GTF for 737."
Flight International (9/17, Kingsley-Jones) reported, "As Airbus prepares to flight test Pratt & Whitney's GTF geared turbofan demonstrator with the view to a possible re-engined A320 development, Boeing has hinted that it would not rule out a similar move with the 737." According to Flight International, "such a program would be relatively straightforward, given the installation of the A320's current powerplants and its relatively tall gear, despite the GTF's larger fan diameter." And while "the 737's shorter gear makes a GTF re-engining more problematic...Boeing is quick to point out that its engineers say that it would not be impossible." For example, "one option the company has examined to enable the GTF to fit under the 737's wing would be to slightly tilt the nacelle up at the fan case."
Flight International (9/17, Kingsley-Jones) reported, "As Airbus prepares to flight test Pratt & Whitney's GTF geared turbofan demonstrator with the view to a possible re-engined A320 development, Boeing has hinted that it would not rule out a similar move with the 737." According to Flight International, "such a program would be relatively straightforward, given the installation of the A320's current powerplants and its relatively tall gear, despite the GTF's larger fan diameter." And while "the 737's shorter gear makes a GTF re-engining more problematic...Boeing is quick to point out that its engineers say that it would not be impossible." For example, "one option the company has examined to enable the GTF to fit under the 737's wing would be to slightly tilt the nacelle up at the fan case."
09-18-2008, 03:07 PM
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Pratt & Whitney tests GTF geared turbofan with alternative fuel
By Graham Warwick
P&W's GTF has a 3:1 reduction gearbox between the low-pressure spool and fan, allowing a larger, slower-turning fan that reduces fuel consumption and noise. The gearbox also allows the low-pressure system to run faster, improving efficiency and reducing the number of stages and blades. "Engine starting was excellent. It started in under a minute, compared with a typical 90-120s," says Saia. Performance mapping of the three key GTF modules - fan, fan drive gear system and low-pressure compressor - produced results "within a few tenths of a percent" of P&W's analytical predictions, "in all cases better", says Saia.
Gearbox oil temperatures were slightly below predictions and noise measurements revealed no undesirable engine tones resulting from the GTF's high-speed low-pressure compressor and turbine, he says. Two fan blade designs with different root-to-tip aerodynamics were tested. A second phase of 50-75h ground testing is planned to begin in April. For this, the GTF demonstrator will be fitted with the flight nacelle, supplied by Goodrich. Phase 2 will focus on preparing the engine for flight testing on P&W's Boeing 747SP flying testbed (FTB).
"Early in July we will fly on the FTB," says Saia. A total of 150h of flight testing is planned through to the end of the year. P&W is working towards a formal launch of the GTF on the Mitsubishi Regional Jet by the end of March. The engine manufacturer would then begin preliminary design of the 14,000-17,000lb-thrust (62-76kN) GTF for the 70/90-seat MRJ.
Detail design would begin towards the end of 2008, with the first engine to test scheduled to run in mid-2009. Engine certification is scheduled for the first half of 2011, says Saia, with the MRJ planned to enter service in 2013.
A larger, 23,000lb-thrust version of the GTF has been selected to power Bombardier's proposed CSeries 110/130-seat airliner. Bombardier is aiming for authority to offer the CSeries in the first half of 2008, he says, with the aircraft to enter service in 2013.
Saia says P&W has also had early discussions with Embraer as well as Russian manufacturers, and continues to work closely with Airbus and Boeing as they move towards defining their next-generation single-aisle airliners.
By Graham Warwick
Pratt & Whitney has run its Geared Turbofan (GTF) demonstrator engine on a synthetic fuel blend as part of a joint programme with NASA to compare potential emissions benefits of alternative fuels. The GTF demonstrator was run on the 50:50 blend of conventional and synthetic jet fuel, the latter supplied by Shell and produced from natural gas using the Fischer-Tropsch process. The synthetic fuel test was conducted during recently completed Phase 1 ground testing of the GTF at P&W 's West Palm Beach, Florida engine test site.The 130h of Phase 1 ground tests focused on demonstrating the GTF's performance over the full operating range of speeds, temperatures and pressures, says Bob Saia, vice-president next generation product family, adding that the engine met or exceeded expectations.
P&W's GTF has a 3:1 reduction gearbox between the low-pressure spool and fan, allowing a larger, slower-turning fan that reduces fuel consumption and noise. The gearbox also allows the low-pressure system to run faster, improving efficiency and reducing the number of stages and blades. "Engine starting was excellent. It started in under a minute, compared with a typical 90-120s," says Saia. Performance mapping of the three key GTF modules - fan, fan drive gear system and low-pressure compressor - produced results "within a few tenths of a percent" of P&W's analytical predictions, "in all cases better", says Saia.
Gearbox oil temperatures were slightly below predictions and noise measurements revealed no undesirable engine tones resulting from the GTF's high-speed low-pressure compressor and turbine, he says. Two fan blade designs with different root-to-tip aerodynamics were tested. A second phase of 50-75h ground testing is planned to begin in April. For this, the GTF demonstrator will be fitted with the flight nacelle, supplied by Goodrich. Phase 2 will focus on preparing the engine for flight testing on P&W's Boeing 747SP flying testbed (FTB).
"Early in July we will fly on the FTB," says Saia. A total of 150h of flight testing is planned through to the end of the year. P&W is working towards a formal launch of the GTF on the Mitsubishi Regional Jet by the end of March. The engine manufacturer would then begin preliminary design of the 14,000-17,000lb-thrust (62-76kN) GTF for the 70/90-seat MRJ.
Detail design would begin towards the end of 2008, with the first engine to test scheduled to run in mid-2009. Engine certification is scheduled for the first half of 2011, says Saia, with the MRJ planned to enter service in 2013.
A larger, 23,000lb-thrust version of the GTF has been selected to power Bombardier's proposed CSeries 110/130-seat airliner. Bombardier is aiming for authority to offer the CSeries in the first half of 2008, he says, with the aircraft to enter service in 2013.
Saia says P&W has also had early discussions with Embraer as well as Russian manufacturers, and continues to work closely with Airbus and Boeing as they move towards defining their next-generation single-aisle airliners.
11-13-2008, 03:43 AM
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Here is a clipping from AIAA's daily report on the development of biofuel.
Boeing, ANZ Planning Biofuel Flight Test.
Aviation Week (11/13, Warwick) reports Air New Zealand (ANZ) "and Boeing have set Dec. 3 as the date for the first flight test of a sustainable bio-derived replacement for jet fuel." During the test, a 747-400 will "burn a 50:50 blend of conventional jet fuel and a bio-jet fuel derived from jatropha, using a process developed by Honeywell company UOP." Boeing "says the...flight will be the first to use a biofuel that is commercially viable, sustainably sourced and meets or exceeds the performance requirements for a drop-in replacement for conventional jet fuel." Boeing "hopes the...flight, and others planned next year by Japan Airlines and Continental, will persuade government to make funding and incentives available for further research and development of commercial-scale production of bio-jet fuel."
The New Zealand Herald (11/13, Bradley) reports ANZ will put its jatropha-based "biofuel through a punishing two-hour trial over the Hauraki Gulf" this December, "hoping it will emerge as the 'holy grail' of alternatives to traditional jet kerosene. Ground testing of the...fuel has shown it is lighter and has more energy than existing fuel." The Herald adds, "The airline industry is anxious to develop a fossil fuel alternative for its long term prosperity."
The UK's Register (11/13, Page) reports the "juice to be used in next month's...test," however, "will be made from jatropha nuts." The nut "is said by its advocates to be capable of growing usefully in arid regions unsuitable for food crops." Australia's Sydney Morning Herald (11/13) also notes the December test flight, as does Ben Mutzabuagh, in his "Today In The Sky" blog for USA Today (11/13).
Aviation Week (11/13, Warwick) reports Air New Zealand (ANZ) "and Boeing have set Dec. 3 as the date for the first flight test of a sustainable bio-derived replacement for jet fuel." During the test, a 747-400 will "burn a 50:50 blend of conventional jet fuel and a bio-jet fuel derived from jatropha, using a process developed by Honeywell company UOP." Boeing "says the...flight will be the first to use a biofuel that is commercially viable, sustainably sourced and meets or exceeds the performance requirements for a drop-in replacement for conventional jet fuel." Boeing "hopes the...flight, and others planned next year by Japan Airlines and Continental, will persuade government to make funding and incentives available for further research and development of commercial-scale production of bio-jet fuel."
The New Zealand Herald (11/13, Bradley) reports ANZ will put its jatropha-based "biofuel through a punishing two-hour trial over the Hauraki Gulf" this December, "hoping it will emerge as the 'holy grail' of alternatives to traditional jet kerosene. Ground testing of the...fuel has shown it is lighter and has more energy than existing fuel." The Herald adds, "The airline industry is anxious to develop a fossil fuel alternative for its long term prosperity."
The UK's Register (11/13, Page) reports the "juice to be used in next month's...test," however, "will be made from jatropha nuts." The nut "is said by its advocates to be capable of growing usefully in arid regions unsuitable for food crops." Australia's Sydney Morning Herald (11/13) also notes the December test flight, as does Ben Mutzabuagh, in his "Today In The Sky" blog for USA Today (11/13).
11-13-2008, 04:18 PM
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The US Air Force is currently certifying ALL of their aircarft to run a 50/50 blend of Jet A and synthetic kerosene derived from natural gas and coal. Their goal is to eliminate reliance on foriegn oil. A number of airplanes have been tested, including supersonic fighters and bombers. This is not an experiment, they are doing it now with the intent of changing over in the next couple of years.
Bio-fuel is more desireable for airlines because it offers reduced emissions. Also, with the right feedstock, it does not have to compete with food agriculture. That's why they are interested in jatropha...it's non-edible and can be cultivated in areas where no food will grow anyway.
Bio-fuel is more desireable for airlines because it offers reduced emissions. Also, with the right feedstock, it does not have to compete with food agriculture. That's why they are interested in jatropha...it's non-edible and can be cultivated in areas where no food will grow anyway.
11-16-2008, 10:52 AM
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Originally Posted by rickair7777
The US Air Force is currently certifying ALL of their aircarft to run a 50/50 blend of Jet A and synthetic kerosene derived from natural gas and coal. Their goal is to eliminate reliance on foriegn oil. A number of airplanes have been tested, including supersonic fighters and bombers. This is not an experiment, they are doing it now with the intent of changing over in the next couple of years.
Bio-fuel is more desireable for airlines because it offers reduced emissions. Also, with the right feedstock, it does not have to compete with food agriculture. That's why they are interested in jatropha...it's non-edible and can be cultivated in areas where no food will grow anyway.
Bio-fuel is more desireable for airlines because it offers reduced emissions. Also, with the right feedstock, it does not have to compete with food agriculture. That's why they are interested in jatropha...it's non-edible and can be cultivated in areas where no food will grow anyway.
12-30-2008, 06:50 AM
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the latest news on Biofuel from AIAA daily
Boeing 747 Flight Successfully Tests Biofuel.
The San Francisco Chronicle (12/30, D1, Raine) reports, "Air New Zealand conducted a two-hour test flight Monday in which one of [a Boeing 747-400's] four Rolls-Royce engines on a jetliner was powered by a biofuel blend" of standard fuel and kerosene derived from Jathropha oil. "Air New Zealand's chief pilot, Capt. David Morgan, said the flight went without incident," as he "took the airplane up to 35,000 feet, to test acceleration and to see if friction of the fuel slows down its flow to the engine. The engine was shut down twice in descent, then restarted. It was shut down and restarted again while taxiing on the tarmac." The flight was a joint program between Air New Zealand, Boeing, Rolls-Royce, and Honeywell subsidiary, UOP.
The AP (12/30, Lilley) says that "while Air New Zealand couldn't say whether the [50-50] blend would be cheaper than standard jet fuel since jatropha is not yet produced on a commercial scale, the company expects the blend to be 'cost competitive.'" Air New Zealand Group Manager Ed Sims "cautioned that it will be at least 2013 before the company can ensure easy access to the large quantities of jatropha." AFP (12/30) notes that "further analysis of the Rolls-Royce engine and fuel systems will now be conducted as the airline works to have jatropha certified as an aviation fuel."
Bloomberg News (12/30, Evans) reports, "Today's test was technically more demanding and used improved refining technology since Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd. conducted the first biofuel test in February, Billy Glover, Boeing Commercial's environmental strategy manager, told journalists in Auckland before the flight."
Air Transport Intelligence (12/30, Ionides) reports more on the types of tests conducted during the flight. "[ANZ] says there was a typical full-powered takeoff and as the aircraft was between 20,000ft and 25,000ft the No 1 engine fuel pump was switched off to check for fuel lubricity." At its cruising height, "engine pressure ratios and other performance parameters were checked. Deceleration and acceleration tests were then carried out, followed by 'windmill start' and starter-assisted relight tests." Also, a "missed approach was then simulated with a go-around carried out at 8,000ft to test engine performance at maximum thrust, followed by a normal landing including full reverse thrust on touchdown." New Zealand's BusinessDay (12/30, Lim) and New Zealand's' TVNZ (12/30) also cover the story.
The San Francisco Chronicle (12/30, D1, Raine) reports, "Air New Zealand conducted a two-hour test flight Monday in which one of [a Boeing 747-400's] four Rolls-Royce engines on a jetliner was powered by a biofuel blend" of standard fuel and kerosene derived from Jathropha oil. "Air New Zealand's chief pilot, Capt. David Morgan, said the flight went without incident," as he "took the airplane up to 35,000 feet, to test acceleration and to see if friction of the fuel slows down its flow to the engine. The engine was shut down twice in descent, then restarted. It was shut down and restarted again while taxiing on the tarmac." The flight was a joint program between Air New Zealand, Boeing, Rolls-Royce, and Honeywell subsidiary, UOP.
The AP (12/30, Lilley) says that "while Air New Zealand couldn't say whether the [50-50] blend would be cheaper than standard jet fuel since jatropha is not yet produced on a commercial scale, the company expects the blend to be 'cost competitive.'" Air New Zealand Group Manager Ed Sims "cautioned that it will be at least 2013 before the company can ensure easy access to the large quantities of jatropha." AFP (12/30) notes that "further analysis of the Rolls-Royce engine and fuel systems will now be conducted as the airline works to have jatropha certified as an aviation fuel."
Bloomberg News (12/30, Evans) reports, "Today's test was technically more demanding and used improved refining technology since Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd. conducted the first biofuel test in February, Billy Glover, Boeing Commercial's environmental strategy manager, told journalists in Auckland before the flight."
Air Transport Intelligence (12/30, Ionides) reports more on the types of tests conducted during the flight. "[ANZ] says there was a typical full-powered takeoff and as the aircraft was between 20,000ft and 25,000ft the No 1 engine fuel pump was switched off to check for fuel lubricity." At its cruising height, "engine pressure ratios and other performance parameters were checked. Deceleration and acceleration tests were then carried out, followed by 'windmill start' and starter-assisted relight tests." Also, a "missed approach was then simulated with a go-around carried out at 8,000ft to test engine performance at maximum thrust, followed by a normal landing including full reverse thrust on touchdown." New Zealand's BusinessDay (12/30, Lim) and New Zealand's' TVNZ (12/30) also cover the story.
01-08-2009, 06:25 PM
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We have another thread on this lately called Biofuel and You (anybody remember "Me and My RC"? 
). This topic has been here quite a while though.
Continental Conducts Biofuel Demonstration Flight.
The AP (1/8) reports, "Continental Airlines on Wednesday became the first" US commercial carrier "to conduct a demonstration flight powered in part by alternative fuels." The flight "was a joint effort involving Continental, airplane maker Boeing Co., engine makers GE Aviation/CFM International and biofuel specialist UOP, a unit of Honeywell International Inc." Continental chairman and chief executive Larry Kellner "said the goal was to analyze technical aspects of using biofuels." Kellner "and others acknowledged it will likely be several years...before biofuels make up a significant percentage of the fuel used by Continental and other major carriers."
Bloomberg News (1/8, Efstathiou, Credeur) reports, "A fuel blend made from algae and jatropha scrub plants powered the unmodified twin-engine Boeing Co. 737-800" during the flight test, Continental said. David Messing, a Continental spokesman, added that the flight "went according to plan," and the "initial observations are that there's no difference in terms of the performance of the airplane." Bloomberg says the test represents "a step toward the International Air Transport Association's goal of having member carriers use 10 percent alternative fuels by 2017 to reduce global warming."
Air Transport Intelligence (1/8, Kuhn) reports, "Continental does not have plans to participate in a second trial and while other carriers have expressed interest, it is unlikely additional demonstrations will occur this year after a 30 January test by Japan Airlines. 'We're encouraging people to look at the data collected to see what's missing before [new trial] flights,'" Billy Glover, the Boeing managing director for environmental strategy, says, "adding he does not expect fuel-certifying organization ASTM International to request additional commercial aircraft alternative fuel demonstrations."
Scientific American (1/8, Biello), which also notes the Continental test, reports, "Boeing hopes to help...biofuels become a 'significant part of the commercial fuel supply by 2015,' Glover says." He adds, "Three years ago, we started out saying this doesn't look like it's possible. But every day we become more and more convinced it's not only possible, it has huge benefits for industry and the public."
). This topic has been here quite a while though. Continental Conducts Biofuel Demonstration Flight.
The AP (1/8) reports, "Continental Airlines on Wednesday became the first" US commercial carrier "to conduct a demonstration flight powered in part by alternative fuels." The flight "was a joint effort involving Continental, airplane maker Boeing Co., engine makers GE Aviation/CFM International and biofuel specialist UOP, a unit of Honeywell International Inc." Continental chairman and chief executive Larry Kellner "said the goal was to analyze technical aspects of using biofuels." Kellner "and others acknowledged it will likely be several years...before biofuels make up a significant percentage of the fuel used by Continental and other major carriers."
Bloomberg News (1/8, Efstathiou, Credeur) reports, "A fuel blend made from algae and jatropha scrub plants powered the unmodified twin-engine Boeing Co. 737-800" during the flight test, Continental said. David Messing, a Continental spokesman, added that the flight "went according to plan," and the "initial observations are that there's no difference in terms of the performance of the airplane." Bloomberg says the test represents "a step toward the International Air Transport Association's goal of having member carriers use 10 percent alternative fuels by 2017 to reduce global warming."
Air Transport Intelligence (1/8, Kuhn) reports, "Continental does not have plans to participate in a second trial and while other carriers have expressed interest, it is unlikely additional demonstrations will occur this year after a 30 January test by Japan Airlines. 'We're encouraging people to look at the data collected to see what's missing before [new trial] flights,'" Billy Glover, the Boeing managing director for environmental strategy, says, "adding he does not expect fuel-certifying organization ASTM International to request additional commercial aircraft alternative fuel demonstrations."
Scientific American (1/8, Biello), which also notes the Continental test, reports, "Boeing hopes to help...biofuels become a 'significant part of the commercial fuel supply by 2015,' Glover says." He adds, "Three years ago, we started out saying this doesn't look like it's possible. But every day we become more and more convinced it's not only possible, it has huge benefits for industry and the public."
Last edited by Cubdriver; 01-09-2009 at 03:55 AM.
01-20-2009, 04:06 PM
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Biofuel Passes Post-flight Tests At Continental.
The Houston Chronicle (1/16, Hensel) reported, "There was no negative impact to the engine or aircraft involved in conducting a Continental Airlines test flight using biofuel last week, the carrier said Friday." According to Continental spokesman Dave Messing, the data "showed that the biofuel met all performance requirements and functioned just like traditional jet fuel. ... Initial results showed that the engine...actually used less fuel than the engine with traditional jet fuel."
The Houston Chronicle (1/16, Hensel) reported, "There was no negative impact to the engine or aircraft involved in conducting a Continental Airlines test flight using biofuel last week, the carrier said Friday." According to Continental spokesman Dave Messing, the data "showed that the biofuel met all performance requirements and functioned just like traditional jet fuel. ... Initial results showed that the engine...actually used less fuel than the engine with traditional jet fuel."
01-31-2009, 06:20 AM
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Japanese Airline Tests Biofuel Blend Made From Flowers, Algae.
The UK's Daily Mail (1/29) reported, "Japan Airlines has become the fourth airline in a year to use biofuel during a test flight." The company test-flew a Boeing 747-300, powered "by 50 per cent traditional jet fuel" and 50 percent biofuel made up of camelina, jatropha, and algae." Said Yasunori Abe, chief of JAL's global environment division, "From a long-term perspective, we need to search for a fuel that can replace petroleum. Biofuel is especially attractive because CO2 emissions from biofuel can be seen as zero.'"
The UK's Daily Mail (1/29) reported, "Japan Airlines has become the fourth airline in a year to use biofuel during a test flight." The company test-flew a Boeing 747-300, powered "by 50 per cent traditional jet fuel" and 50 percent biofuel made up of camelina, jatropha, and algae." Said Yasunori Abe, chief of JAL's global environment division, "From a long-term perspective, we need to search for a fuel that can replace petroleum. Biofuel is especially attractive because CO2 emissions from biofuel can be seen as zero.'"
02-04-2009, 02:40 AM
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USAF Planning To Acquire Over 300,000 Gallons Of Biofuels.
Aviation Week (1/31, Anselmo) said that during the recent Aviation Week-sponsored Eco-Aviation and Fuel Management conference in Miami, officials with the US Air Force (USAF) said they are "planning to acquire more than 300,000 gallons of biofuels under an effort to certify two types of the plant-derived fuels for use in a 50-50 mix with jet kerosene by 2013." The USAF "wants half of its domestic aviation fuel to contain a 50 percent blend of alternative fuel -- either bio or synthetic -- by 2016. 'We're looking to replace a quarter of our total fuel need,'" said Jeff Braun, "director of the service's Alternative Fuels Certification Office at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, who spoke" at last week's conference.
NASA Testing Synthetic Fuel Exhaust.
Flight International[/U] (2/4, Coppinger) reports, "In a bid to understand synthetic fuels' emissions, NASA has fitted its McDonnell Douglas DC-8 airborne laboratory's engines with sampling probes for plume chemistry detection using a quantum-cascade-laser methane isotope sensor." The plane will test "100% synthetic fuels and 50/50 blends of synthetics and regular jet fuel" to see if the synthetics have "fewer particles and other harmful emissions." NASA is conducting the study with "11 groups...which include three US government agencies, five companies and three universities."
Aviation Week (1/31, Anselmo) said that during the recent Aviation Week-sponsored Eco-Aviation and Fuel Management conference in Miami, officials with the US Air Force (USAF) said they are "planning to acquire more than 300,000 gallons of biofuels under an effort to certify two types of the plant-derived fuels for use in a 50-50 mix with jet kerosene by 2013." The USAF "wants half of its domestic aviation fuel to contain a 50 percent blend of alternative fuel -- either bio or synthetic -- by 2016. 'We're looking to replace a quarter of our total fuel need,'" said Jeff Braun, "director of the service's Alternative Fuels Certification Office at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, who spoke" at last week's conference.
NASA Testing Synthetic Fuel Exhaust.
Flight International[/U] (2/4, Coppinger) reports, "In a bid to understand synthetic fuels' emissions, NASA has fitted its McDonnell Douglas DC-8 airborne laboratory's engines with sampling probes for plume chemistry detection using a quantum-cascade-laser methane isotope sensor." The plane will test "100% synthetic fuels and 50/50 blends of synthetics and regular jet fuel" to see if the synthetics have "fewer particles and other harmful emissions." NASA is conducting the study with "11 groups...which include three US government agencies, five companies and three universities."
Last edited by Cubdriver; 02-04-2009 at 03:56 AM. Reason: added the synthetic clip
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