Originally Posted by
OzoneRanger
Very interesting. The "aircraft commander" business was from second hand knowledge of several Russian airlines/military. I have no idea if they still run their crews that way, but as it was explained the commander was essentially a senior pilot who had moved up from Flight Engineer, F/O, Capt, then Aircraft Commander.
Seemed to me like they had way too many bodies in the cockpit.
Could be. During the Cold War, armed "navigators" were assigned to Aeroflot's and other Soviet-bloc flag carriers' flights. These (trustworthy) commissars were empowered by the Politburo, KGB, or some other CIA/DHS-equivalent state agency to take whatever action they saw fit, included killing the pilot(s), to "safeguard" the flight. They weren't pilots a far as I know, though they may have been given some minimal flight training. I don't know. Those I've asked were reluctant to engage in any conversation, and the pilots usually answered with a look I was expected to understand. I didn't. Can't recall now, but I believe on the TU-134 these "navigators" didn't have a seat. They strapped themselves standing up into a 5-point harness anchored to the cockpit access aisle bulkhead for takeoffs and landings.