I've flown with a few avid golfers. One guy just brought along shoes, glove, balls and tees and rented clubs. Another guy I flew with kept a separate set of clubs at the course he liked to play most and would use ShipSticks to move his clubs around when he wanted them somewhere else. I asked about this and he said it could be as cheap as $40 to ship them with a months notice up to as much as $200 with a weeks notice.
TopGolf is another fun option on layovers if you're with someone who is interested in golf but not necessarily interested enough for the time commitment, hassle and expense of rentals and a full 18.