NuGuy , 06-16-2019 08:48 AM
Gets Weekends Off
Most people really don't understand how pension liabilities are calculated. It's not a matter of dividing what you owe into what you have.
Some loss of pension asset value is to blame, at least initially, but in many cases, the value of those assets have been recovered, and then some.
What has really jacked the pension equation is persistent, abnormally low long term interest rates. It's these rates that determine how pension "funding" is calculated over the long term. You can read this for yourself if you have a pension, frozen or otherwise, from the statements that are sent to you every year. If you have one that is subject to different funding models (such as airline pensions) there are typically three different scenarios, all based on different assumed long term interest rates.
From a historical perspective, the last 10 years have been an extreme anomaly, and only recently have the interest rates inched up from near zero. Of course, while this is good for mortgages or other borrowing, it stinks for everything else, including savings, and, IMHO, is not indicative of a really healthy economy, but hey, that's just my opinion. Suffice to say, the mortgage that I got for my first home in the 90's, at 7% (considered a "good deal" at the time), would usher in panicked news stories of Armageddon and the total collapse of the housing market today. That's NOT healthy.
Not coincidentally, many pension funds at the time were either fully funded or over-funded. Not because of the assets they held (although that was a part of it), but the long term interest rates provided great forward looking returns. This drove the "implied funding" (if you want to call it that) to show that everything was cool.
Not only cool, but the funding was such that the sponsors (ie the companies or governments) didn't need to add ANY money at all. In fact, they were prevented from overfunding pensions because this was considered a "tax dodge". This is an important take away....some people WANTED to diversify away from solely a DB model, but you couldn't talk anyone into it because DC/401k money represented REAL money they'd have to pay every two weeks, whereas the DB plans self funded.
Like anything with interest rates involved, compounding causes wild swings with small changes. Should, for some reason, interest snap up to the historical average, say, go up 150-200 basis points, or back up to the 4-4.5% level, many of these pension funds would suddenly be "fully funded" overnight. Not because of the increase in actual asset value, but because of the assumed returns long term.